Mechanisms for layer 7 context accumulation for enforcing layer 4, layer 7 and verb-based rules

ABSTRACT

The method for implementing mechanisms for Layer 7 context accumulation for enforcing Layers 4, 7, and verb-based rules is presented. The method comprises: receiving stream data, and identifying a packet in the stream. If the packet includes Layer 7 headers: for each Layer 7 header: determining content of the packet identified by a Layer 7 header&#39;s identifier; and parsing the content to extract firewall input data. If one or more rules at least partially match the firewall input data, determining that a particular rule also includes additional information that cannot be found in the firewall input data; performing a DPI on the content to determine whether at least a portion of the additional information is found in the content; extracting additional input data from the content and adding it to the firewall input data; and applying the rules to the firewall input data to process the packet.

BACKGROUND

Traditionally, stateful firewalls are initiated by establishingcommunications connections with rule-repositories, and caching the rulesthat match the firewalls' criteria. Then, upon receiving data packets,the firewalls parse the received packets and apply the cached rules tothe parsed contents of the packets.

Content obtained by parsing a data packet usually includes dataextracted from the packet's headers. The content extracted from theheaders may include for example, the data that defines a TransmissionControl Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) connection for communicatingthe packet. The data from a particular header may include five values,such as a source IP address, a source port number, a destination IPaddress, a destination port number, and a name of the protocol. The fivevalues are usually referred to as a 5-tuple. The 5-tuple extracted fromthe data packet is used by a firewall to determine whether the datapacket may be transmitted toward its destination.

SUMMARY

Techniques are described herein for implementing a rule processing andenforcement for interleaved Layer 4 (L4), Layer 7 (L7) and verb-basedrulesets. The rule processing and enforcement for interleaved L4, L7 andverb-based rulesets may be implemented in a software defined network(SDN). For example, the L4, L7 and verb-based rule processing may beimplemented in a firewall that operates on data packets along a datapath of the packet communications pipeline. The firewall implementingthe L4, L7 and verb-based rules may be encoded as part of emulation codethat implements a virtual network interface card that is executed by ahypervisor.

The Layer 4 in the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is atransport layer, while the Layer 7 in the OSI is an application layer.The Layer 4 data included in data packets may include the names of thetransport protocols, source identifiers, destination identifiers, and soforth. The Layer 7 data included in the data packets may include thenames of the Layer 7 protocols, the Layer 7 verbs, and so forth. TheLayer 7 protocol names may include HTTP, FTP, Telnet, NFS, SMTP, and thelike. The Layer 7 verbs may include HTTP action verbs, such as GET andPOST; FTP commands, such as GET, PUT, and LS; SQL commands, such asSELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, CREATE, and DROP; and the like.

Context accumulation for interleaved L4, L7 and verb rulesets mayoperate on several types of data extracted from data packets. Unlike thetypical firewalls, the L4, L7 and verb-based firewall may operate notonly on the data extracted from the packets' headers, but also on thedata extracted from the packets' payloads. Therefore, the L4, L7 andverb-based firewall takes into account the additional information thatother firewalls may omit to consider.

Examples of improvements provided by an L4, L7 and verb-based firewallinclude a multi-facet filtering of data packets. The filtering is basedon the data extracted from not just packets' headers but also from thepackets' payloads. The extracted information may include the Layer 4data, the Layer 7 data, and a mix of the Layer 4 and the Layer 7 data.The Layer 7 data may be extracted from the packets that are subjected toa Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) analysis.

Depending on the set of rules implemented in an L4, L7 and verb-basedfirewall and the content of a received data packet, the packet may besubjected to no DPI analysis, a partial DPI analysis, or a full DPIanalysis. The scope of the DPI analysis may be determined in aninteractive manner and individually for each data packet. For example,upon receiving a data packet, the packet may be initially parsed withoutperforming a DPI analysis. The initially parsed information may be usedto determine whether the parsed information, or a portion of the parsedinformation, matches any rules stored by the firewall. If one or morerules match the parsed information, or a portion of it, then a test isperformed to determine whether some of the matching rules also includeadditional elements that, however, are not included in the initiallyparsed information. If there are no such rules, then there is no need toperform a DPI because the matching rules include only the initiallyparsed information or a portion of the initially parsed information.Thus, the processing of such a data packet does not involve a DPIanalysis.

However, if one or more rules match the initially parsed information, ora portion of the initially parsed information, but some of the matchingrules also include additional information that cannot be found in theinitially parsed information, then the received data packet is subjectedto a partial DPI or a full DPI analysis. The DPI may be performed on thedata packet until the additional information, or a portion of it, isextracted from the received packet. A partial DPI analysis may beperformed on the data packet when a particular matching rule includesfor example, a name of the Layer 7 protocol, but no other Layer7-specific information. A full DPI analysis may be performed on thepacket when a particular matching rule includes for example, a name ofthe Layer 7 protocol and the Layer 7 verbs. Generally, a full DPI isperformed on the entire data packet to determine that the receivedpacket does include the additional information, or a portion of it,required by the rules, or to determine that the received packet does notinclude the additional information required by the rules.

Interleaved L4, L7 and verb-based rulesets may include one or morerules, each of which may include rule elements corresponding to dataextracted from different headers and different payloads of data packets.For example, a particular rule may include the Layer 4-specific terms,such as src-addr, src-port, dst-addr, and dst-port, as well as the Layer7-specific terms, such as HTTP, and PUT.

Interleaved L4, L7 and verb-based rulesets may include a mix of theLayer 4 rules, the Layer 7 rules, and the Layers 4 and 7 rules.Furthermore, the rulesets may be structured according to any order ofthe rules in the rulesets. For example, the Layer 7 rules may be matchedwith content of a received packet first, and the Layer 4 rules may bematched with the content of the received packet next.

Context accumulation for interleaved L4, L7 and verb-based rulesets mayoperate on multiple headers extracted from a data packet. Multipleheaders may be sent in the packets communicated in compliance with forexample, the HTTP/2 protocol. The HTTP/2 enables an efficient use ofnetwork resources and a reduced perception of latency by introducing aheader field compression, and by allowing multiple concurrent exchangeson the same communications connection. The HTTP/2 allows interleavingrequest and response messages on the same connection, and uses anefficient coding for HTTP header fields. An L4, L7 and verb-basedfirewall presented herein allows parsing the multiple HTTP/2 headers ina data packet, identifying contents associated with the individualheaders, and applying the L4, L7 and verb-based rules to each contentidentified by the header's identifier carried in the data packet.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram depicting an example system architecture forimplementing an L4, L7 and verb-based firewall;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram depicting example firewall input data that maybe provided to an L4, L7 and verb-based firewall;

FIG. 3A is a block diagram depicting example attributes that may beextracted from data packets;

FIG. 3B is a block diagram depicting example contexts that may be formedfrom data extracted from data packets;

FIG. 4 depicts an example flow chart for implementing an L4, L7 andverb-based firewall;

FIG. 5 depicts example rules implemented in an L4, L7 and verb-basedfirewall.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerousspecific details are set forth in order to provide a thoroughunderstanding of the method described herein. It will be apparent,however, that the present approach may be practiced without thesespecific details. In some instances, well-known structures and devicesare shown in a block diagram form to avoid unnecessarily obscuring thepresent approach.

1. Example System Architecture for Layer 7 Context Accumulation ForEnforcing Layer 4, Layer 7 And Verb-Based Rules

FIG. 1 is a block diagram depicting an example system architecture forimplementing an L4, L7 and verb-based firewall. The depicted systemarchitecture 100 includes one or more hosts 110, and one or morephysical networks 190.

Host 110 may include a hypervisor 160, and other components 180, such ashardware components. Hypervisor 160 may include a virtual switch 140,and may provide connectivity to and from one or more virtual machines.Hypervisor 160 may use uplinks to provide connectivity to and from thevirtual machines.

Hypervisor 160 may be configured to execute emulation code thatimplements an L4, L7 and verb-based firewall 135. L4, L7 and verb-basedfirewall 135 may be part of an SDN at any point along a data path of thepacket communications pipeline. L4, L7 and verb-based firewall 135 maybe configured to operate not only on the data extracted from thepackets' headers, but also on the data extracted from the packets'payloads. The payload data may include the Layer 7 data, and may beextracted once the packets are subjected to a DPI analysis.

Virtual switch 140 may be configured to monitor and manage data trafficthat is communicated to and from hypervisor 160. Virtual switch 140 maybe implemented as a kernel component of hypervisor 160, or as an entitythat is separate from hypervisor 160, but that communicates withhypervisor 160.

Implementations of virtual switch 140 may vary and may depend on a typeof product in which the switch is deployed as a virtualization medium.For example, virtual switch 140 may be implemented as part of hypervisor160, as it is depicted in FIG. 1, and as it is in the vSphere® and KVM®lines of products. Alternatively, although not depicted in FIG. 1, avirtual switch may be implemented as a hardware component, or as part ofa user space, or within a privileged virtual machine. Examples of suchimplementations include the Hyper-V® and Xen® lines of products.

FIG. 1 depicts that host 110 hosts one virtual machine 120. However,host 110 may host as many virtual machines as the configuration of thehost allows for.

Virtual machine 120 may be realized as complete computationalenvironments. Virtual machine 120 may contain virtual equivalents ofhardware and software components of the physical computing systems.Virtual machine 120 may be instantiated as virtualized computinginstances. The instance may be equipped with their own resources, may beassigned their own workloads, and may be configured to perform their owntasks assigned to the workloads. Virtual resources allocated to thevirtual machines may include virtual CPUs, virtual memory, virtualdisks, virtual network interface controllers and the like. Virtualmachine 120 may be configured to execute guest operating systems andguest applications. Virtual machine 120 may use a virtual networkinterface card VNIC 130 to communicate with hypervisor 160.

A virtualized computing instance may be realized as a hardwarevirtualization and/or a software virtualization. As a hardwarevirtualization, the instance may represent for example, an addressablevirtual machine. As a software virtualization, the instance may be usedto provide for example, an isolated user space instance. Virtualizedcomputing instances may include containers running on a top of hostoperating systems, virtual private servers, client computers, and hybridcombinations of thereof.

Other components 180 may include hardware processors, memory units, datastorage units, and physical network interfaces. Hardware components mayinclude physical network interface controllers (PNICs), that may provideconnectivity to routers and switches of physical networks 190.

Physical networks 190 may include local area networks and/or wide areanetworks, and may utilize various hardware and software configurations.For example, physical networks 190 may include one or more routers, oneor more switches, one or more switch ports, and other datacommunications and processing components.

2. Interleaved Layer 4, Layer 7 and Verb-Based Rulesets

An L4, L7 and verb-based firewall may match the Layer 7 data and Layer 4data extracted from data packets with the firewall's rules to determinewhether the extracted data matches any of the rules. The rulesets mayinclude one or more rules, each of which may include rule elementscorresponding to data that could be extracted from different headers anddifferent payloads of data packets. The rules in the ruleset may beordered in any order. The rules themselves may be include a mix of theLayer 4 rules, the Layer 7 rules, and the Layer 4 and the Layer 7 rules.A ruleset may be structured in such a way that for example, the Layer 4rules are matched with a received packet first, and the Layer 7 rulesare matched with the received packet next. According to another example,another ruleset may be structured in such a way that the Layer 7 rulesare matched with the received packet first, and the Layer 4 rules arematched with the received packet next.

The firewall may rely on exact matches and/or partial matches betweenthe rules and contents extracted from data packets. An exact matchbetween the extracted data and a particular rule exists if the extracteddata matches the particular rule exactly. For example, if the Layer 4and Layer 7 data extracted from a data packet includes:

-   -   [src-addr1, src-port1, dst-addr3, dst-port3, HTTP, verb=PUT] (1)

and the L4, L7 and verb-based firewall implements a mixed Layer 4 andLayer 7 rule

-   -   If [src-addr1, src-port1, dst-addr3, dst-port3, HTTP,        http_method=PUT], then PASS (2)

then, upon comparing extracted data (1) with rule (2), the L4, L7 andverb-based firewall may determine that extracted data (1) matches rule(2) exactly. Upon finding the exact match between extracted data (1) andrule (2), the L4, L7 and verb-based firewall may apply rule (2) toextracted data (1), and determine that the corresponding data packet maybe transmitted toward the packet's destination.

An L4, L7 and verb-based firewall may also rely on partial matchesbetween the data extracted from data packets and the firewall's rules. Apartial match may include matching regular expressions with expressionscontaining so called wildcards. For example, if the data extracted froma data packet includes:

-   -   [src-addr1, dst-addr3, HTTP, verb=PUT, mywebpage] (3)

and the L4, L7 and verb-based firewall implements a mixed Layer 4 andLayer 7 rule:

-   -   If [src-addr1, dst-addr3, HTTP, http_method=PUT,        path=*mywebpage*], then DROP (4)

then, upon comparing extracted data (3) with rule (4), the L4, L7 andverb-based firewall may determine that extracted data (3) at leastpartially matches rule (4). Upon finding a partial match betweenextracted data (3) and rule (4), the L4, L7 and verb-based firewall mayapply rule (4) to extracted data (3), and determine that thecorresponding data packet cannot be transmitted toward the packet'sdestination.

An L4, L7 and verb-based firewall may be configured to support thefirewall's rules that apply to stream data. However, even though mostnetworking communications use data streams, the Internet transfers areusually in the form of UDP datagrams, TCP segments, and/or IP packets.Therefore, the intercepted data stream may be processed by for example,a stream decoder to identify individual packets, and the identifiedpackets may be directed to the firewall.

An L4, L7 and verb-based firewall may be implemented as a distributedfirewall that aims to enforce the firewall's rules while operating in acontinuous streaming mode. In the streaming mode, the L4, L7 andverb-based firewall may examine all data flows that the firewallintercepts, examine all data packets that are part of the interceptedflows, and apply the rules on a per-packet basis. Unlike 5-tuple data,which remains constant during the lifetime of a single TCP connection,the Layer 7 verbs included in the packets may change continuously duringthe lifetime of the single TCP connection. Therefore, in somesituations, the L4, L7 and verb-based firewall processes all interceptedpackets because the packets that belong to the same data flow may carrydifferent verbs. Thus, the L4, L7 and verb-based firewall may applydifferent rules to different packets of the same data flow.

3. Firewall Input Data

FIG. 2 is a block diagram depicting example firewall input data 260 thatmay be provided to an L4, L7 and verb-based firewall 270. Firewall inputdata 260 includes data extracted from a received data packet 200.

Data packet 200 is an example of a typical data packet communicated in atypical computer network. The depicted data packet should not beconsidered as limiting the presented approach in any way.

Data packet 200 may include a frame header 210, frame data 215, and aframe footer 250. Frame data 215 may include an IP header 220 and IPdata 225. IP data 225 may include a UDP header 230 and application data235. Application data 235 may include the Layer 7 data, such as theLayer 7 protocol names, the Layer 7 verbs, path names, and the like.

Upon receiving data packet 200, the content of the packet is initiallyparsed to extract certain information from the packet. The initiallyextracted information may include the Layer 4 data, such as a 5-tuplecomprising a source address, a source port, a destination address, adestination port, and a protocol name. The 5-tuple may be used asfirewall input data 260, and provided to L4, L7 and verb-based firewall270.

As L4, L7 and verb-based firewall 270 compares firewall input data 260to the rules maintained by the firewall, L4, L7 and verb-based firewall270 may determine that there are some rules that match some of firewallinput data 260, but that those rules also include additional elementsthat are absent in firewall input data 260. To determine whether datapacket 200 includes the additional elements, or at least some of theadditional elements, L4, L7 and verb-based firewall 270 may subject datapacket 200 to a DPI analysis.

4. Partial and Full Deep Packet Inspections

A DPI analysis is a form of data filtering that is used to inspectcontents of data packets. The DPI analysis usually includes an analysisof the packets' payloads, such as for example, application data 235 ofdata packet 200. The DPI is usually more effective than a typical packetfiltering that inspects only the packets' headers. Unlike the typicalpacket filtering, the DPI-based filtering inspects not only the packets'headers, but also the packets' payloads.

A data packet may be subjected to no DPI analysis, a partial DPIanalysis, or a full DPI analysis. Determination of the type of the DPIanalysis depends on the set of rules implemented in an L4, L7 andverb-based firewall and the content of a received data packet. The scopeof the DPI analysis may be determined in an interactive manner andindividually for each data packet.

Upon receiving a data packet, the packet may be initially parsed withoutperforming a DPI. The initially parsed information may be used todetermine whether the parsed information, or a portion of the parsedinformation, matches any rules stored by the firewall. If one or morerules match the parsed information, or a portion of it, then a test isperformed to determine whether some of the matching rules also includeadditional elements that are absent in the initially parsed information.If there are no such rules, then there is no need to perform a DPIanalysis.

However, if some of the matching rules also include additionalinformation that cannot be found in the initially parsed information,then the received data packet is subjected to either a partial DPI or afull DPI analysis. A partial DPI analysis may be performed on the datapacket when a particular matching rule includes for example, a name ofthe Layer 7 protocol, but no other Layer 7-based information. A full DPIanalysis may be performed on the packet when a particular matching ruleincludes for example, a name of the Layer 7 protocol and the Layer 7verbs.

For example, L4, L7 and verb-based firewall 270 may subject data packet200 to a full DPI analysis to extract for example, the Layer 7 verbsfrom data packet 200, and to include the extracted verbs in firewallinput data 260. Suppose that L4, L7 and verb-based firewall 270implements the following rules:

-   -   If [srcgrp1, dstgrp1, TCP FTP, ftp_method=PUT], then DROP (5)    -   If [srcgrp1, dstgrp1, TCP FTP], then PASS (6)

then, L4, L7 and verb-based firewall 270 may perform a DPI analysis ondata packet 200 to determine whether data packet 200 includes the verb“PUT.” If, upon performing the DPI analysis on data packet 200, it isdetermined that data packet 200 does include srcgrp1, dstgrp1, TCP, FTP,and the verb “PUT,” then rule (5) is applied, and data packet 200 may bedropped.

However, if it is determined that data packet 200 does not include theverb “PUT,” but includes the srcgrp1, dstgrp1, TCP, and FTP, then rule(6) is applied to firewall input data 260, and L4, L7 and verb-basedfirewall 270 may allow data packet 200 to be transmitted toward thepacket's destination.

5. Example Attributes Extracted From Data Packets

FIG. 3A is a block diagram depicting example attributes that may beextracted from data packets. An attribute in the context of an L4, L7and verb-based firewall is a characteristic or value that may beextracted from a data packet. Attributes may be extracted from anyheaders and/or payloads of the received data packets, and may includethe Layer 4 data, the Layer 7 data, and the like.

Attributes may be divided into groups based on their types. For example,the attributes that are specific to the names of data communicationsprotocols may be grouped in a group called the protocol identifiers,whereas the attributes that are specific to the protocol versions may begrouped in a group called the protocol version identifiers.

The examples depicted in FIG. 3A are provided to merely illustrate oneway of grouping the attributes extracted from data packets. Theattributes in FIG. 3A have been grouped based on the attributes' types.The example groups include protocol identifiers 310, protocol versionidentifiers 312, action identifiers 314, and path identifiers 316.

Examples of protocol identifiers 310 may include names of the datacommunications protocols, such as FTP, TP, HTTP, HTTP/2, and so forth.Examples of protocol version identifiers 312 may include numericalversions, such as 1.0, 1.1, 2.0 3.0, and so forth. Examples of actionidentifiers 314 may include verbs, such as PUT, GET, POST, and so forth.Examples of path identifiers 316 may include path names representedusing alphanumerical strings, and may include one or more wildcards,such as “*.” Examples of the paths may include mywebpage, mywebpage*,and *mywebpage*. Other groups and other types of attributes may also beidentified.

The attributes extracted from data packets may be used to generatecontexts for the packets. The context may include the attributes such asa name of the communications protocol used to communicate the datapacket, a version of the communications protocol, an action identifier,and the like. The context may be used to generate firewall input datathat an L4, L7 and verb-based firewall may use to determine whether thepacket is to be transmitted toward its destination.

6. Example Contexts

In the field of data packet processing, context is a set of propertiesthat define the attribute-based environment for a data packet. Thecontext may include attributes or properties that are extracted from thedata packet. Some attributes may be extracted from the portion of thepacket that is sent in clear; other attributes may be extracted afterthe packet is decrypted and a DPI analysis is performed on the packet.Depending on the L4, L7 and verb ruleset and the content of the datapacket, the packet may be subjected to no DPI analysis, a full DPIanalysis, or a partial DPI analysis to determine attributes for the datapacket. The set of attributes derived from the data packet is referredto herein as the context for the data packet.

FIG. 3B is a block diagram depicting example contexts 320 that may bederived from data extracted from data packets. Example contexts 320depicted in FIG. 3B include an example 322, an example, 324, an example326, and an example 328.

Example 322 is an example context determined for a first hypotheticaldata packet, and includes the following attributes derived by applying aDPI analysis to the packet:

-   -   src-addr1, src-port1, dst-addr3, dst-port3, HTTP,        http_method=PUT (7)

wherein src-addr1 denotes a source address, src-port1 denotes a sourceport, dst-addr3 denotes a destination address, dst-port3 denotes adestination port, HTTP denotes a name of the communications protocolextracted from one of the headers of the first hypothetical data packet;and http_method=PUT denotes an action “PUT.”

Example 324 is an example context determined for a second hypotheticaldata packet, and includes the following attributes derived by applying aDPI analysis to the packet:

-   -   srcgrp dstgrp TCP FTP ftp_method=put (8)

wherein srcgrp denotes a source group identifier, dstgrp denotes adestination identifier, TCP denotes a name of the communicationsprotocol extracted from one of the headers of the second hypotheticaldata packet, FTP denotes a name of the communications protocol extractedfrom another header of the second hypothetical data packet, andftp_method=put denotes an FTP action “put.”

Example 326 is an example context determined for a third hypotheticaldata packet, and includes the following attributes derived by applying aDPI analysis to the packet:

-   -   src-addr1, src-port1, dst-addr3, dst-port3, HTTP,        http_method=PUT, path=*mypage* (9)

wherein src-addr1 denotes a source address, src-port1 denotes a sourceport, dst-addr3 denotes a destination address, dst-port3 denotes adestination port, HTTP denotes a name of the communications protocolextracted from one of the headers of the third hypothetical data packet;and http_method=PUT denotes an action “PUT,” and path=*mywebpage*denotes any path that includes a string mywebpage. The path is expressedas *mywebpage* using two wildcards, where one wildcard is before theword mywebpage, and another wildcard is after the word mywebpage.Therefore, any path that includes the word mywebpage will be considereda valid path in the third hypothetical example.

Example 328 describes two contexts determined for a fourth hypotheticaldata packet, and includes the following attributes derived by applying aDPI analysis to the packet:

-   -   stream1, GET onewebpage; stream2, POST anotherwebpage (10)

wherein stream1 denotes a first data stream identifier extracted from afirst header of the fourth hypothetical data packet, GET denotes anaction get, onewebpage denotes a path extracted from the first header ofthe fourth hypothetical data packet, stream2 denotes a second datastream identifier extracted from a second header of the fourthhypothetical data packet, POST denotes an action post, anotherwebpagedenotes a path extracted from the second header of the fourthhypothetical data packet.

The attributes in example 328 were extracted from the fourthhypothetical data packet that, most likely, included a communicationtransmitted in compliance with the HTTP/2 protocol. Therefore, thefourth hypothetical data packet had two headers: one of them includedthe following attributes: stream1, GET, onewebpage; while the otherincluded the following attributes: stream2, POST anotherwebpage.

The contexts extracted from data packets may be used to form firewallinput data, which in turn may be used by an L4, L7 and verb-basedfirewall to monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic.

7. Example Processing of Data Packets Having Multiple Headers

In case of data packets communicated in compliance with for example, theHTTP/2 protocol, a single data packet may carry multiple headers.Therefore, multiple contexts may be obtained from an HTTP/2 packet. Inthe HTTP/2, a request/response pair is mapped onto a stream, and eachstream is given a unique identifier. The streams are initiated by aheaders frame from a client, or a push promise frame from a server.

The HTTP/2 frames may include stream identifiers in the header. A streamidentifier allows an endpoint to determine the stream to which therequest belongs to. By default, there is no limit on the number ofconcurrent streams that can be active within a communicationsconnection. However, a server may impose a limit using a setting frameto limit the amount of server resources that a single client mayconsume.

A binary framing layer in the HTTP/2 enables a full request/responsemultiplexing. This may be enabled by allowing a client and a server tobreak down an HTTP message into independent frames, interleave them, andthen reassemble them at the receiving end. Since a single packetcarrying the HTTP/2 content may include not just one, but multipleheaders, the single HTTP/2 packet may carry multiple Layer 7 data, suchas the Layer 7 protocol names, and the Layer 7 verbs.

For example, a single packet may have two stream identifiers: one ofthem may include:

-   -   HTTP_METHOD=GET and HTTP_PATH=*mywebpage.com* (11)

while another may include:

-   -   HTTP_METHOD=POST and HTTP_PATH=*mywebpage.com* (12)

In this case, an L4, L7 and verb-based firewall would parse the datapacket to generate two separate attribute sets. Each of the separateattribute sets may be used to determine a separate Layer 7 context. AnL4, L7 and verb-based firewall may perform a rule lookup for each of theLayer 7 contexts.

8. Layer 7 Context Accumulation for Enforcing Layer 4, Layer 7 andVerb-Based Rules

FIG. 4 depicts an example flow chart for implementing an L4, L7 andverb-based firewall. In step 410, stream data is received. The streamdata may be decoded to identify individual data packets, and the datapackets may be provided to the firewall.

In step 420, a data packet of the stream data is initially parsed toidentify firewall input data. The firewall input data may include anycombination of data initially extracted from data packets. The initiallyextracted data may include the data that was sent in clear in the packetdata. The initially extracted data may include a 5-tuple that mayinclude a source address, a destination address, a source port, adestination port, and a protocol name.

In step 422, one or more firewall rules that at least partially matchthe firewall input data are identified. The one or more rules may beidentified by comparing the elements included in the rules with thecontent of the firewall input data. If no rule that at least partiallymatches the firewall input data can be identified, then the data packetis transmitted toward its destination, and either another data packet ofthe data stream is parsed in step 420, or a new stream data is receivedin step 410.

However, if in step 422, the one or more firewall rules that at leastpartially match the firewall input data are identified, then thecontents of the rules are compared with the firewall input data todetermine whether any of the rules includes additional information thatcannot be found in the firewall input data initially extracted from thedata packet.

In step 430, a test is performed to determine whether any of the rulesthat at least partially match the firewall input data include additionalinformation that cannot be found in the firewall input data. If theoutcome of the test is positive, then step 440 is performed. Otherwise,step 450 is performed.

In step 440, a partial DPI analysis and/or a full DPI analysis on thedata packet is performed to determine whether the data packet includesthe additional information, or portion of it, that is included in thematching rules, but that was not found in the initially parsedinformation.

The DPI analysis may be performed incrementally until the additionalinformation, or a portion of it, is found in the data packet, or untilit is determined that the data packet does not include the additionalinformation. For example, if it is determined that a particular matchingrule includes not only a 5-tuple, but also the Layer 7 protocol data andthe Layer 7 verbs, then the data packet is subjected to the DPI analysisuntil the Layer 7 protocol data and verbs are found, or until the entiredata packet is parsed but not additional information is found. The Layer7 verbs may include HTTP action verbs, such as GET and POST; FTPcommands, such as GET, PUT, and LS; SQL commands, such as SELECT,INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, CREATE, and DROP; and the like.

If the particular matching rule includes for example, a name of theLayer 7 protocol, but no other Layer 7 information, then to determinewhether the data packet includes the name of the Layer 7 protocol, thedata packet may be subjected to a partial DPI analysis.

However, if the particular matching rule includes for example, a name ofthe Layer 7 protocol and the Layer 7 verbs, then to determine whetherthe data packet includes the name of the Layer 7 protocol and the Layer7 verbs, the data packet may be subjected to a full DPI analysis.

Performing a DPI analysis on a packet includes providing the packet to aDPI engine. The DPI engine may perform a deep packet inspection on thedata packet to determine whether the packet includes the additionalinformation that is included in the one or more matching rules, but thatwas not found in the firewall input data obtained by the initial parsingof the packet.

If, in the course of performing the DPI analysis on the data packet, itis determined that the data packet includes the additional informationor a portion of the additional information, then the correspondinginformation is extracted from the data packet and added to the firewallinput data. The corresponding information may match the additionalinformation, or a portion of the additional information, that isincluded in the one or more matching rules, but that was not found inthe initially parsed information.

However, if, in the course of performing the DPI analysis on the datapacket, it is determined that the data packet does not include anyportion of the additional information that is included in the one ormore matching rules, then no data is added to the firewall input data.

In step 450, the one or more rules are applied to the firewall inputdata. The rules may be applied sequentially to the firewall input datauntil it is unequivocally determined whether the data packet may betransmitted toward its destination or not.

Application of the one or more rules to the firewall input data mayinclude creating the context for the data packet using the firewallinput data, and determining whether the context matches at leastpartially the elements included in the rules. The context may includeone or more of: the 5-tuple data, the Layer 7 protocol name, the Layer 7verbs, or other application layer data.

In step 460, based on the application of the one or more rules to thefirewall input data, it is determined whether the data packet is to betransmitted toward its destination. For example, suppose that particularfirewall input data includes [src-addr1, dst-addr1], and suppose that aparticular L4, L7 and verb-based firewall rule states that if [src-addr1dst-addr1] are included in the firewall input data, then thecorresponding data packet is to be dropped. In this case, the particularfirewall input data matches the particular rule. Therefore, theparticular rule will apply to the particular firewall input data, andthe data packet will be dropped.

In step 470, a test is performed to determine, based on application ofthe one or more rules to the firewall input data, whether to pass thedata packet toward its destination. If it is determined that the datapacket is to be passed toward its destination, then step 480 isperformed. Otherwise, step 490 is performed.

Step 480 is performed when it is determined, based on applying the oneor more rules to the firewall input data, that the corresponding datapacket is to be transmitted toward its destination. Subsequently, thedata packet is transmitted toward its destination, and the L4, L7 andverb-based firewall proceeds to performing step 410, described above.

Step 490 is performed when it is determined, based on applying the oneor more rules to the firewall input data, that the corresponding datapacket is to be dropped. Therefore, in step 490, the data packet isdropped, and the further processing of the stream data ends.Furthermore, the stream is reset by sending a TCP reset packet if theTCP protocol is used to communicate the stream, or by sending an ICMPport unreachable datagram if the UDP protocol is used to communicatedthe stream.

The process described in FIG. 4 implements an L4, L7 and verb-basedfirewall that operates on any combination of the Layer 4 data and theLayer 7 data extracted from data packets. Some data is extracted fromthe portions of the packets that are sent in clear in the packets. Otherdata may be extracted from the data packets by subjecting the packets toa DPI analysis.

9. Example Rules Implemented in an L4, L7 and Verb-Based Firewall

FIG. 5 depicts example rules that may be implemented in an L4, L7 andverb-based firewall. The depicted examples include a first example 510,a second example 520, a third example 530, and a fourth example 540. Thedepicted examples should not be considered as limiting the disclosure inany way.

First example 510 is provided to explain that applying some rules todata packets may require no DPI analysis. Such rules may include therule elements that may be matched with attributes that are extractedfrom the data packets without subjecting the data packets to the DPIanalysis.

First example 510 includes the following rule:

-   -   RULE1: srcgrp1 dstgrp1 srcport dstport TCP PASS (13)

wherein srcgrp1 denotes a source group identifier, dstgrp1 denotes adestination group identifier, srcport denotes a source port, dstportdenotes a destination port, TCP denotes the TCP communications protocol,and PASS means that if firewall input data includes all the attributes[srcgrp1, dstgrp1, srcport, dstport, TCP], then the corresponding datapacket may be transmitted toward its destination.

A DPI analysis is not required in this example because all theattributes: srcgrp1, dstgrp1, srcport, dstport, and TCP may be extractedfrom a data packet without subjecting the data packet to the DPI.Therefore, upon receiving a data packet, the data packet may be parsedto extract a source address, a destination address, a source port, adestination port, and the TCP name from the packet header that is sentin clear. If the extracted information matches the attributes [srcgrp1,dstgrp1, srcport, dstport, TCP], then the condition set forth in RULE1(13) is satisfied, and the data packet is transmitted toward itsdestination. The disposition of the packet is made without subjectingthe data packet to the DPI because all attributes that need to bematched with all elements included in RULE1 (13) were extracted from thepacket without performing the DPI.

However, an application of some rules to data packets may require a DPIanalysis of the data packets. The scope of performing the DPI may,however, depend on the rules. To apply some of such rules, the DPI maybe required to identify only a Layer 7 protocol, as in second example520, described below. To apply other rules, however, the data packetsmay be continuously subjected to the DPI, as in third example 530,below.

Second example 520 includes the following rule:

-   -   RULE2: srcgrp1 dstgrp2 srcport dstport TCP HTTP PASS (14)

wherein srcgrp1 denotes a source group identifier, dstgrp2 denotes adestination group identifier, srcport denotes a source port, dstportdenotes a destination port, TCP denotes the TCP communications protocol,HTTP denotes the HTTP communications protocol, and PASS means that iffirewall input data includes all the attributes [srcgrp1, dstgrp2,srcport, dstport, TCP, HTTP], then the corresponding data packet may betransmitted toward its destination.

A DPI analysis is required here because, while the attributes [srcgrp1,dstgrp2, srcport, dstport, TCP] may be extracted from a data packetwithout subjecting the data packet to the DPI, determining whether thedata packet includes the HTTP attribute may require performing the DPIanalysis on the packet. Therefore, upon receiving a data packet, thedata packet may be parsed to extract a source address, a destinationaddress, a source port, a destination port, and a name of the TCPcommunications protocol from the packet header that is sent in clear.Then, the data packet may be subjected to the DPI analysis to determinewhether the packet includes the word HTTP.

Hence, RULE2 (14) is a rule example that may be applied to packets thatwere subjected to the DPI to only determine whether the data packetincludes a Layer 4 protocol name.

Third example 530 includes the following two rules:

-   -   RULE3A: srcgrp1 dstgrp3 . . . FTP ftp_method=put DROP (15)    -   RULE3B: srcgrp1 dstgrp3 . . . FTP PASS (16)

wherein srcgrp1 denotes a source group identifier, dstgrp3 denotes adestination group identifier, FTP denotes the FTP communicationsprotocol, ftp-method=put denotes the ftp action PUT, DROP means that iffirewall input data includes the attributes [srcgrp1, dstgrp3, FTP,ftp_method=put], then the corresponding data packet is to be dropped,and PASS means that if firewall input data includes the attributes[srcgrp1, dstgrp3, FTP], then the corresponding data packet may betransmitted toward its destination.

A continuous DPI analysis is required here because while the attributes[srcgrp1, dstgrp2] may be extracted from a data packet withoutsubjecting the data packet to the DPI, the attribute ftp-methodattribute may not be extracted from the data packet without performingthe DPI on the data packet.

In fact, the DPI analysis needs to be performed continuously on all datapackets that belong to the same data flow as the packet in third example530 because the ftp_method attribute may change from packet-to-packet.Therefore, upon receiving a data packet of a particular data flow, thedata packet may be parsed to extract a source address, a destinationaddress, and so forth, as that information is sent in the data packet inclear. However, determining whether the firewall input data includes theftp_method=put attribute, the DPI needs to be performed on each andevery data packet in the particular data flow. Hence, RULE3A (15) andRULE3B (16) are examples of the rules that may be applied if the datapackets are subjected to a continuous DPI analysis.

Fourth example 540 includes the following three rules:

-   -   RULE4A: srcgrp1 dstgrp1 TCP FTP ftp_method=put DROP (17)    -   RULE4B: srcgrp1 dstgrp1 TCP FTP PASS (18)    -   RULE4C: srcgrp2 dstgrp2 TCP FTP PASS (19)

Fourth example 540 is provided to explain that sending all data packetscommunicated along all communications connections to the DPI engine tomatch the verb-based rules might be time-consuming and expensive.Therefore, an L4, L7 and verb-based firewall may be configured to sendonly the data packets communicated via certain connections to the verbbased rule processing. To determine which connections are the requiredconnections, the L4, L7 and verb-based firewall may implement amechanism that triggers the continuous verb discovery mode on aper-connection-basis during the rule lookup.

Based on RULES (17)-(19), the initial FTP packets that are exchangedbetween srcgrp1 and dstgrp1 are allowed based on RULE4B (18). However,if the data packet includes an FTP PUT, then RULE4A (17) is applied, andsuch a data packet will be dropped.

Furthermore, if the data packets are communicated via an FTP connectionbetween srcgrp2 and dstgrp2, then the data packets will be subjected toRULE4C (19), and such data packets will be transmitted toward theirrespective destinations regardless of the verbs included in the packets.Therefore, the data packets that include srcgrp2 and dstgrp2 do notrequire a continuous DPI analysis.

To simplify the application of rules such RULES (17)-(19), the conceptsof a potential match and an exact match are employed. For example, ifthe 6-tuple extracted from a data packet matches a particular rule thatincludes [src addr, dst addr, src port, dst port, protocol, applicationprotocol], then the particular rule is referred to as a potential match.However, if not only the 6-tuple, but also the verbs extracted from adata packet match the particular rule, then the particular rule isconsidered an exact match.

Furthermore, if there are any verb-based rules of lower priority thatare potential matches, then the respective connection between the srcaddr and the dst addr should be kept in a perpetual discovery mode, andthe rule evaluation should be performed for every Layer 7 context. Thismechanism allows the L4, L7 and verb-based firewall to perform theverb-based rule processing of only those data packets that arecommunicated along the required connections. This allows the L4, L7 andverb-based firewall to execute the verb-based filtering of the datapackets efficiently and in an expedited manner.

10. Improvements Provided by Certain Embodiments

The approach presented herein improves a firewall-based network securitysystem by implementing an L4, L7 and verb-based firewall that canoperate on any combination of the Layer 4 data and the Layer 7 data. TheLayer 4 data may include the 5-tuples extracted from data packets. TheLayer 7 data may include the Layer 7 protocol names and the Layer 7verbs. The L4, L7 and verb-based firewall may use any type of mixedrules that include elements from any header and/or from any payloadincluded in the data packets.

Context accumulation for interleaved L4, L7 and verb-based rulesetsdescribed herein operates on any combination of data extracted from datapackets. Some data, such as 5-tuples, is extracted from the portion of apacket that is sent in clear in the packet. Other data is extracted oncethe packet is processed by a DPI engine. The scope of the DPI analysismay be determined in an interactive manner and individually for eachdata packet.

Context accumulation for interleaved L4, L7 and verb-based rulesets usesrules to control incoming and outgoing network traffic by applying therules to not only 5-tuples, but also to the Layer 7 data extracted fromdata packets. The 5-tuple information and Layer 7 data provides contextfor determining the rules that may be applicable to the extracted data.The rules are applied to determine whether the corresponding data packetis to be transmitted toward its destination.

By considering not only 5-tuple information, but also Layer 7 protocoldata extracted from data packets, an L4, L7 and verb-based firewallprovides a strong network security system for monitoring and controllingincoming and outgoing network traffic. The barrier that the L4, L7 andverb-based firewall establishes between a trusted network and anuntrusted network is stronger and more robust than a barrier establishedby a typical firewall because the L4, L7 and verb-based barrier takesinto account the data that other firewalls omit to consider.

11. Implementation Mechanisms

The present approach may be implemented using a computing systemcomprising one or more processors and memory. The one or more processorsand memory may be provided by one or more hardware machines. A hardwaremachine includes a communications bus or other communication mechanismsfor addressing main memory and for transferring data between and amongthe various components of hardware machine. The hardware machine alsoincludes one or more processors coupled with the bus for processinginformation. The processor may be a microprocessor, a system on a chip(SoC), or other type of hardware processor.

Main memory may be a random-access memory (RAM) or other dynamic storagedevice. It may be coupled to a communications bus, and used for storinginformation and software instructions to be executed by a processor.Main memory may also be used for storing temporary variables or otherintermediate information during execution of software instructions to beexecuted by one or more processors.

12. General Considerations

Although some of various drawings may illustrate a number of logicalstages in a particular order, stages that are not order dependent may bereordered and other stages may be combined or broken out. While somereordering or other groupings may be specifically mentioned, others willbe obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art, so the ordering andgroupings presented herein are not an exhaustive list of alternatives.Moreover, it should be recognized that the stages could be implementedin hardware, firmware, software or any combination thereof.

The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has beendescribed regarding specific embodiments. However, the illustrativeembodiments above are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit thescope of the claims to the precise forms disclosed. Many modificationsand variations are possible in view of the above teachings. Theembodiments were chosen to best explain the principles underlying theclaims and their practical applications, to thereby enable othersskilled in the art to best use the embodiments with variousmodifications as are suited to the uses contemplated.

In the foregoing specification, embodiments of the approach have beendescribed with reference to numerous specific details that may vary fromimplementation to implementation. The specification and drawings are,accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictivesense. The sole and exclusive indicator of the scope of the approach,and what is intended by the applicants to be the scope of the approach,is the literal and equivalent scope of the set of claims that issue fromthis application, in the specific form in which such claims issue,including any subsequent correction.

Any definitions set forth herein for terms contained in the claims maygovern the meaning of such terms as used in the claims. No limitation,element, property, feature, advantage or attribute that is not expresslyrecited in a claim should limit the scope of the claim in any way. Thespecification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative ratherthan a restrictive sense.

As used herein the terms “include” and “comprise” (and variations ofthose terms, such as “including,” “includes,” “comprising,” “comprises,”“comprised” and the like) are intended to be inclusive and are notintended to exclude further features, components, integers or steps.

References in this document to “an embodiment,” indicate that theembodiment described or illustrated may include a particular feature,structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarilyinclude the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Suchphrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further,when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described orillustrated in connection with an embodiment, it is believed to bewithin the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature,structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodimentswhether or not explicitly indicated.

Various features of the disclosure have been described using processsteps. The functionality/processing of a given process step couldpotentially be performed in different ways and by different systems orsystem modules. Furthermore, a given process step could be divided intomultiple steps and/or multiple steps could be combined into a singlestep. Furthermore, the order of the steps can be changed withoutdeparting from the scope of the present disclosure.

It will be understood that the embodiments disclosed and defined in thisspecification extend to alternative combinations of the individualfeatures and components mentioned or evident from the text or drawings.These different combinations constitute various alternative aspects ofthe embodiments.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for a hypervisor to implement mechanismsfor Layer 7 context accumulation for enforcing Layer 4, Layer 7, andverb-based rules, the method comprising: receiving stream dataintercepted along a data path; identifying a data packet in the streamdata; parsing the data packet to determine whether the data packetincludes a plurality of Layer 7 headers; in response to determining thatthe data packet includes the plurality of Layer 7 headers: for eachLayer 7 header of the plurality of Layer 7 headers: determining contentof the data packet that is identified by an identifier included in aLayer 7 header; parsing the content to extract firewall input data fromthe content; determining whether one or more rules at least partiallymatch the firewall input data; in response to determining that the oneor more rules at least partially match the firewall input data:determining that a particular rule, of the one or more rules, alsoincludes additional information that cannot be found in the firewallinput data; performing a deep packet inspection (DPI) on the content todetermine whether at least a portion of the additional information isfound in the content; in response to determining that the portion of theadditional information is found in the content by performing the DPI:extracting additional input data, that corresponds to the portion of theadditional information, from the content; adding the additional inputdata to the firewall input data; and applying the one or more rules tothe firewall input data to determine a processing of the content of thedata packet.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the firewall input dataincludes one or more of: Layer 4 data, or Layer 7 data; wherein theLayer 4 data and the Layer 7 data is used to generate context data fordetermining whether the one or more rules apply to the firewall inputdata; wherein the Layer 4 data includes one or more of: a sourceaddress, a source port, a destination address, a destination port, or aprotocol identifier; wherein the Layer 7 data includes one or more of: aLayer 7 protocol name, or one or more Layer 7 verbs; and wherein the oneor more Layer 7 verbs include one or more of: HTTP action verbs, FTPcommands, or SQL commands.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the datapacket that includes the plurality of Layer 7 headers is transmitted incompliance with an HTTP/2 protocol.
 4. The method of claim 1, whereinthe particular rule, of the one or more rules that at least partiallymatch the firewall input data, includes one or more of: Layer 4-specificdata, Layer 7-specific data, or Layer 4-7-specific data.
 5. The methodof claim 1, wherein performing the DPI on the content to determinewhether at least the portion of the additional information is found inthe content comprises: performing a partial DPI on the content todetermine whether at least a first portion of the additional informationis found in the content; in response to determining that no firstportion of the additional information is found in the content byperforming the partial DPI: performing a full DPI to determine whetherat least a second portion of the additional information is found in thecontent; and in response to determining that at least the second portionof the additional information is found in the content: extractingadditional input data, that corresponds to the second portion of theadditional information, from the content.
 6. The method of claim 5,wherein the partial DPI and the full DPI are performed by a DPI engine;and wherein performing the partial DPI or performing the full DPIcomprises generating a decrypted content by decrypting the content,analyzing Layer 7 data included in the decrypted content, and extractingLayer 7 data from the decrypted content; and wherein performing the fullDPI comprises analyzing all fields of the decrypted content.
 7. Themethod of claim 5, further comprising: in response to determining thatneither the first portion of the additional information nor the secondportion of the additional information is found in the content byperforming the partial DPI or the full DPI: applying the one or morerules to the firewall input data to determine a processing of thecontent of the data packet.
 8. One or more non-transitorycomputer-readable storage media storing one or more computerinstructions which, when executed by one or more processors, cause theone or more processors to perform: receiving stream data interceptedalong a data path; identifying a data packet in the stream data; parsingthe data packet to determine whether the data packet includes aplurality of Layer 7 headers; in response to determining that the datapacket includes the plurality of Layer 7 headers: for each Layer 7header of the plurality of Layer 7 headers: determining content of thedata packet that is identified by an identifier included in a Layer 7header; parsing the content to extract firewall input data from thecontent; determining whether one or more rules at least partially matchthe firewall input data; in response to determining that the one or morerules at least partially match the firewall input data: determining thata particular rule, of the one or more rules, also includes additionalinformation that cannot be found in the firewall input data; performinga deep packet inspection (DPI) on the content to determine whether atleast a portion of the additional information is found in the content;in response to determining that the portion of the additionalinformation is found in the content by performing the DPI: extractingadditional input data, that corresponds to the portion of the additionalinformation, from the content; adding the additional input data to thefirewall input data; and applying the one or more rules to the firewallinput data to determine a processing of the content of the data packet.9. The one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media ofclaim 8, wherein the firewall input data includes one or more of: Layer4 data, or Layer 7 data; wherein the Layer 4 data and the Layer 7 datais used to generate context data for determining whether the one or morerules apply to the firewall input data; wherein the Layer 4 dataincludes one or more of: a source address, a source port, a destinationaddress, a destination port, or a protocol identifier; wherein the Layer7 data includes one or more of: a Layer 7 protocol name, or one or moreLayer 7 verbs; and wherein the one or more Layer 7 verbs include one ormore of: HTTP action verbs, FTP commands, or SQL commands.
 10. The oneor more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 8,wherein the data packet that includes the plurality of Layer 7 headersis transmitted in compliance with an HTTP/2 protocol.
 11. The one ormore non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 8, whereinthe particular rule, of the one or more rules that at least partiallymatch the firewall input data, includes one or more of: Layer 4-specificdata, Layer 7-specific data, or Layer 4-7-specific data.
 12. The one ormore non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 8, storingadditional instructions which, when executed by the one or moreprocessors, cause the one or more processors to perform: performing apartial DPI on the content to determine whether at least a first portionof the additional information is found in the content; in response todetermining that no first portion of the additional information is foundin the content by performing the partial DPI: performing a full DPI todetermine whether at least a second portion of the additionalinformation is found in the content; and in response to determining thatat least the second portion of the additional information is found inthe content: extracting additional input data, that corresponds to thesecond portion of the additional information, from the content.
 13. Theone or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 12,wherein the partial DPI and the full DPI are performed by a DPI engine;and wherein performing the partial DPI or performing the full DPIcomprises generating a decrypted content by decrypting the content,analyzing Layer 7 data included in the decrypted content, and extractingLayer 7 data from the decrypted content; and wherein performing the fullDPI comprises analyzing all fields of the decrypted content.
 14. The oneor more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 12,storing additional instructions which, when executed by the one or moreprocessors, cause the one or more processors to perform: in response todetermining that neither the first portion of the additional informationnor the second portion of the additional information is found in thecontent by performing the partial DPI or the full DPI: applying the oneor more rules to the firewall input data to determine a processing ofthe content of the data packet.
 15. A hypervisor implemented in a hostcomputer and configured to implement mechanisms for Layer 7 contextaccumulation for enforcing Layer 4, Layer 7, and verb-based rules, thehypervisor comprising: one or more processors; one or more memory units;and one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media storingone or more computer instructions which, when executed by the one ormore processors, cause the one or more processors to perform: receivingstream data intercepted along a data path; identifying a data packet inthe stream data; parsing the data packet to determine whether the datapacket includes a plurality of Layer 7 headers; in response todetermining that the data packet includes the plurality of Layer 7headers; for each Layer 7 header of the plurality of Layer 7 headers:determining content of the data packet that is identified by anidentifier included in a Layer 7 header: parsing the content to extractfirewall input data from the content; determining whether one or morerules at least partially match the firewall input data; in response todetermining that the one or more rules at least partially match thefirewall input data: determining that a particular rule, of the one ormore rules, also includes additional information that cannot be found inthe firewall input data; performing a deep packet inspection (DPI) onthe content to determine whether at least a portion of the additionalinformation is found in the content; in response to determining that theportion of the additional information is found in the content byperforming the DPI: extracting additional input data, that correspondsto the portion of the additional information, from the content; addingthe additional input data to the firewall input data; and applying theone or more rules to the firewall input data to determine a processingof the content of the data packet.
 16. The hypervisor of claim 15,wherein the firewall input data includes one or more of: Layer 4 data,or Layer 7 data; wherein the Layer 4 data and the Layer 7 data is usedto generate context data for determining whether the one or more rulesapply to the firewall input data; wherein the Layer 4 data includes oneor more of: a source address, a source port, a destination address, adestination port, or a protocol identifier; wherein the Layer 7 dataincludes one or more of: a Layer 7 protocol name, or one or more Layer 7verbs; and wherein the one or more Layer 7 verbs include one or more of:HTTP action verbs, FTP commands, or SQL commands.
 17. The hypervisor ofclaim 15, wherein the data packet that includes the plurality of Layer 7headers is transmitted in compliance with an HTTP/2 protocol.
 18. Thehypervisor of claim 15, wherein the data packet that includes theplurality of Layer 7 headers is transmitted in compliance with an HTTP/2protocol.
 19. The hypervisor of claim 15, wherein the one or morenon-transitory computer-readable storage media store additionalinstructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, causethe one or more processors to perform: performing a partial DPI on thecontent to determine whether at least a first portion of the additionalinformation is found in the content; in response to determining that nofirst portion of the additional information is found in the content byperforming the partial DPI: performing a full DPI to determine whetherat least a second portion of the additional information is found in thecontent; and in response to determining that at least the second portionof the additional information is found in the content: extractingadditional input data, that corresponds to the second portion of theadditional information, from the content.
 20. The hypervisor of claim19, wherein the partial DPI and the full DPI are performed by a DPIengine; and wherein performing the partial DPI or performing the fullDPI comprises generating a decrypted content by decrypting the content,analyzing Layer 7 data included in the decrypted content, and extractingLayer 7 data from the decrypted content; and wherein performing the fullDPI comprises analyzing all fields of the decrypted content.